What Rules Determine When SQL Server Use a CTE as an "Optimization Fence"?

A while back, Brent Ozar published a post detailing some of the differences between the SQL Server and PostgreSQL:

Two Important Differences Between SQL Server and PostgreSQL

The first point (“CTEs are optimization fences”) caught my eye, because it is obvious that in the example provided, SQL Server combines the CTE and the main query together and optimizes it as a single query (as opposed to the opposite behavior in PostgreSQL).

However, this behavior seems contrary to the examples that I have seen in other blogs and training classes, where SQL Server does treat the CTE as an optimization fence, which allows for better use of indexes, better performance, etc. For example:

A Better Way To Select Star

So, it seems like SQL Server “honors” the CTE as an optimization fence SOMETIMES. Are there any good resources available that document the specific list of known cases where SQL Server will reliably honor the CTE as an optimization fence (or the opposite behavior)?